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Authors
Chen, Haoran
Wang, Min
Li, Yingyin
Xu, Xiaowei
Yang, Lin
Li, Jiao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (Grant No.2021-I2M-1-056)
the Key Laboratory of Medical Information Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and the Program of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 2017PT63010, 2018PT33024)
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Article History
Received: 23 April 2024
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 13 November 2025
Declarations
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: Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants, and the program was approved by the Ethics Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics. The NHANES data are free for public use and available on the web ( ), so it was not necessary to obtain the agreement of the medical ethics committee board.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
