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Authors
Cohen, Alison K.
Fitzgerald, Jason C.
Trejo, Grisel
Yalif, Isabella U.
Wesson, Paul D.
Wolfson, Mark
Ballard, Parissa J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Evidence for Action program (76972, 76972, 76972, 76972, 76972, 76972)
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Article History
Received: 18 October 2024
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 16 October 2025
Declarations
: The authors have no conflicts of interest to report. The funder is not involved in nor controls the final decision for study design, conduct, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing, or dissemination of results. No publication restrictions have been imposed. Committee and group details: not applicable.
: The Wake Forest University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board approved all research procedures (IRB protocol #: IRB00066103). The study used a waiver of signed informed consent for teachers and students 18 years of age or older, and a waiver of assent students younger than 18. However, teachers signed an informed consent for schools or districts that require active consent, and parents also signed parental permission in schools/districts that required active parental consent. For school districts that requested review, we also completed district IRB approvals. These school districts include Montgomery County Schools (MD), Rochester City School District (NY), New York City Schools (NY), Jefferson Township Schools (NJ), Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools (NC) and Guilford County Schools (NC). Any protocol amendments are reviewed by the IRB.
: not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial competing interests.
