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Authors
Karami, Hamed
Mamelund, Svenn-Erik
Smirnova, Alexandra
Chowell, Gerardo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University
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Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Declarations
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: Ethics approval and informed consent were not required for this study, as it relies exclusively on publicly available, aggregated, and de-identified data from global sources, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker, the Global Health Security Index, and the Global Burden of Disease Study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
