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Authors
Kareem, Adesola Olawumi
Kareem, Abiodun John https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2565-0881
Adebayo, Ayodeji Matthew
Ayodeji, Oluwafemi Oladele
Aro, Adewale Johnson
Falana, Tolutope Darlington
Amenkhienan, Ibidun Florence
Oluwatuyi, Korede Olumide
Akinmadelo, Opeyemi Omolade
Fasoranti, Ifedayo Olabisi
Ahmed, Liasu Adeagbo
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Article History
Received: 15 July 2025
Accepted: 11 September 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State with number FMC/OW/380/VOL.CXLVIII/200. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Ondo State Ministry of Education. Verbal consent was obtained from the school authorities and the local trade union leaders in the study area. The consent of parents/guardians was obtained. In addition, consent/assent was obtained from each of the participating adolescents, following the provision of a detailed explanation of the study objectives, information about the benefits and risks and assurance of the freedom to participate or otherwise without any threat of sanction or unfavourable treatment. The data collection instrument had no personal identification information. All participants were identified using only serial numbers. Data were secured by password protection of the research-related data.
: The consent for publication has been obtained.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
