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Article History

Received: 4 July 2025

Accepted: 12 September 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education (Approval Ref: Int.law.jan.2025/1). The research relied entirely on publicly available academic literature, reports, and secondary data sources. No human participants were directly involved, and no primary data were collected through surveys, interviews, or interactions. All procedures adhered to institutional ethical standards and international guidelines for desk-based research.

: Not applicable. All data are anonymized, and no identifiable personal details are included in the manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.