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Article History

Received: 7 June 2024

Accepted: 15 September 2025

First Online: 11 December 2025

Declarations

:

: As this paper involves analysis of anonymised secondary data, which is publicly available, ethics approval was not required. Ethical approval for data collection for waves 3 and 4 of the Growing Up in Ireland project was granted by a dedicated and independent Research Ethics Committee convened by the Department of Children and Youth Affairs in Ireland, specifically for the Growing Up in Ireland project.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.