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Article History

Received: 30 September 2023

Accepted: 16 September 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Klagenfurt and local ethics committees in North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova and Romania. All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the APA ethical standards in the treatment of the study sample. Informed written consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Not applicable.

: A.B., F.W., E.J. and H.M.F. declare that they have no competing interests. J.H.is a co-developer of PLH Children, which is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 Non-commercial No Derivatives license, and, with colleagues, co-founders of the Parenting for Lifelong Health initiative. J.H. is also Co-director of the Children’s Early Intervention Trust, a non-profit institution responsible for the dissemination of the program in Europe. She receives occasional fees for providing training and supervision of PLH facilitators, coaches, and trainers. She has participated in a number of research studies involving the program, and Bangor University receives research funding for these. N.H. serves as an international advisory board member for the Triple P program. Conflict is avoided by declaring this potential conflict of interests; and by conducting and disseminating rigorous, transparent and impartial evaluation research on both this and other similar parenting programs.