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Article History

Received: 7 April 2025

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 31 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The survey was conducted under the authority of the Shanghai Municipal Education. Ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Shanghai University of Sport, along with additional permissions from each participating school’s administration. Because the survey items posed no sensitive issues, the IRB waived the written consent requirement, allowing verbal informed consent from parents or guardians and verbal assent from students. All participants were aware that participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time. To protect confidentiality, data collection and analysis followed strict anonymization protocols, with parent-child linkages maintained through a secure, unique student identification system. Procedures performed in studies were by the national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.