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Authors
Hassan, Mohamed Said
Abdulahi, Mohamoud
Said, Abdirahman Ibrahim
Osman, Farhan Abdisamad
Elmi, Hassan Sh Abdirahman
Korse, Ayan Husein
Dahir, Hana Mahdi
Abdi, Muhiadin Ismail
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the Amoud University School of Medicine (Reference: 0295-AU-REC-2024, dated 14th March 2024). The study used the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Before participation, all individuals were informed about the study’s objectives, the voluntary nature of their involvement, and the procedures used to ensure confidentiality. Informed oral consent was obtained from all participants, and for participants aged 15–17, assent was obtained in addition to consent from a parent or guardian. The study did not involve human biological samples; no personally identifiable information was collected, ensuring participant anonymity.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
