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Authors
Alotaibi, Tareq F.
Alqahtani, Mohammed M.
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Article History
Received: 19 February 2024
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 29 October 2025
Declarations
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: All individuals who participated in the original HINTS study provided informed consent. The HINTS 5 protocol was approved by the Westat Institutional Review Board. Additionally, the study was granted an exemption from further IRB review by the NIH Office of Human Subjects Research Protections. As this study utilized publicly available, de-identified data from HINTS, it was exempt from requiring informed consent or additional ethical approvals for secondary analysis. Furthermore, we obtained exempt (expedited) IRB approval (NRR24/108/12) from King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
