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Authors
Ntshiqa, Thobani
Jawad, Sena
Hanifa, Yasmeen
Chihota, Violet
Charalambous, Salome
Ndlovu, Nontobeko
Churchyard, Gavin
Fielding, Katherine
Grant, Alison D.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1034523, OPP1034523, OPP1034523, OPP1034523, OPP1034523, OPP1034523, OPP1034523, OPP1034523)
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Article History
Received: 21 August 2024
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 29 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the ethics committees at the University of the Witwatersrand, University of Cape Town, and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. All consenting participants gave written consent or, for illiterate participants, witnessed verbal consent. For illiterate participants, there was an impartial witness present during the consenting process, who then signed the relevant witness section of the consent form. All ethics committees approved the consent form, including the section on the use of witnessed oral consent for illiterate participants, at the beginning of the study. Principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki were followed in the conduct of this research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
