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Authors
Kwon, Young Gyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3848-7259
Ji, Seokmin
Huh, Dongwoo
Choi, Mankyu
Lee, Munjae https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9781-4187
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2023S1A3A2A05095298)
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Article History
Received: 15 January 2025
Accepted: 19 September 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was exempted from full institutional review by the Korea University Institutional Review Board (Approval No. KUIRB-2024-0129-01). The research utilized de-identified secondary data provided by the KDCA that are publicly accessible, ensuring that no individual-level identifying information was included. The need for informed consent was waived because the data used consisted of de-identified secondary data released for research purposes. All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
