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Article History

Received: 25 April 2025

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The survey procedures and instruments were reviewed and approved by ICF International’s Institutional Review Board in accordance with U.S. federal regulations for the protection of human subjects (45 CFR 46) and consistent with internationally accepted ethical standards for research involving human participants. Informed consent statement was read to participants and a parent or guardian for adolescent participants and secured before each interview was conducted. It was once again secured before domestic violence questions, emphasizing voluntary participation and confidential results. Secondary data used by the study was anonymized. Access to the de-identified secondary dataset was granted to the authors by the DHS.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.