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Authors
Song, Keying https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-1458
Zhao, Mengdan https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3583-9711
Zhao, Zijian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9492-1673
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Article History
Received: 11 October 2024
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Declarations
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: The CHARLS research project has been reviewed and approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (approval number for the main survey: IRB00001052-11015). Before the survey, written informed consent was required to be signed by participants or their proxy respondents.The survey agencies that conducted the field survey for the data collection have collected prior informed consent (written and verbal) from the respondents. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s). The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) extended the necessary guidance and ethical approval for conducting the LASI survey. The study is approved by the ethics committee of ICMR. The Indian Council of Medical Research approved all experimental protocols. All the methods were conducted using relevant guidelines. Informed consent was taken from a close one/guardian or LAR (Legally authorized representative) prior to participation by an illiterate person.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
