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Authors
Lin, Yijuan
Gao, Yinyan
Wang, Jiali
Ye, Shuzi
Luo, Zidie
Huang, Na
Xiao, Fang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Postgraduate Innovation Project of Central South University (2023ZZTS0993)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42277438)
Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars (2024JJ2082)
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Article History
Received: 13 May 2025
Accepted: 3 October 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Declarations
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: The current investigation utilized anonymized data obtained from the UK Biobank resource (Application Number: 64555), which has received formal ethical clearance from the North West Multi-Center Research Ethics Committee (Approval Code: 16/NW/0274). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of recruitment. The Institutional Review Board at Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, granted an ethics review exemption for this secondary data analysis in accordance with institutional guidelines governing the use of pre-existing anonymized datasets.
: The authors extend their gratitude to all contributors who provided substantive feedback during the development of this research. A comprehensive statement regarding ethical oversight and data accessibility protocols is publicly available through the UK Biobank’s official documentation at: .
: The authors declare no competing interests.
