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Article History

Received: 13 May 2025

Accepted: 3 October 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Kalkaal Hospital Ethical Committee in Mogadishu, Somalia, on 10 March 2024 (Ref. KH-9017). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection, including those enrolled during community-based and institutional screening events. Participant confidentiality was strictly maintained, and all data were anonymized prior to analysis. Hospital records used to supplement self-reported information were accessed with institutional permission and managed in accordance with strict privacy safeguards.

: All participants were informed that their anonymized data could be used for research and publication purposes. Written consent for publication was obtained from all individuals involved in the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.