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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, Penn State
The Social Science Research Institute, Penn State
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Article History
Received: 15 February 2024
Accepted: 3 October 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: Study approval was obtained from the Penn State Institutional Review Board. Consent to participate is not applicable because: (1) All of the data are existing secondary data, (2) The MAX data used are already deidentified, (3) All data are aggregated and present at county-level.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
