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Authors
Cheung, Rachael W.
Chatzidiakou, Lia
Yang, Tiffany C.
O’Meara, Simon P.
Shaw, David R.
Genes, Denisa
Shao, Yunqi
Ruangkanit, Athina
Warburton, Thomas
Kumar, Ashish
Budisulistiorini, Sri Hapsari
Wood, Chantelle
McFiggans, Gordon
Carslaw, Nicola
Hamilton, Jacqueline F.
McEachan, Rosemary R. C.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002019/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002159/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002019/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002248/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002256/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W001993/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002248/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002256/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002256/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002256/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002256/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W001993/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002248/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002256/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002256/1)
National Environment Research Council (NE/W002019/1)
UKRI Population Health Improvement UK (MR/Y022785/1)
UKRI Population Health Improvement UK (MR/Y022785/1)
UKRI Population Health Improvement UK (MR/Y022785/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/N024391/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/N024391/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/N024391/1)
Economic and Social Research Council (MR/N024391/1)
Economic and Social Research Council (MR/N024391/1)
Economic and Social Research Council (MR/N024391/1)
British Heart Foundation (CS/16/4/32482)
British Heart Foundation (CS/16/4/32482)
British Heart Foundation (CS/16/4/32482)
Wellcome Trust (WT101597MA)
Wellcome Trust (WT101597MA)
Wellcome Trust (WT101597MA)
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Article History
Received: 20 May 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 10 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the NHS Health Research Authority Yorkshire and the Humber (Bradford Leeds) Research Ethics Committee (22/YH/0288). All participants (mothers for themselves and for their children) gave informed consent to take part. This study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: No data is presented from any individual person.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
