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Authors
Zakeri, Mohammadreza
Radfar, Amirreza
Bayati, Mohsen
Lankarani, Kamran Bagheri
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Article History
Received: 7 August 2025
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study used secondary, publicly available, de-identified data from the Iranian Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). No individual identifiers were accessed, and analyses were conducted at the aggregate level. According to national and institutional guidelines, ethics approval and informed consent were not required for studies using anonymized secondary data.
: Not applicable, as no individual participant data, images, or identifiable information are included in this publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
