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Authors
Bai, Anying
Qu, Yimin
Chen, Qiushi
Gray, Muir
Chen, Simiao
Jiang, Yu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
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Article History
Received: 17 August 2024
Accepted: 10 October 2025
First Online: 24 December 2025
Declarations
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: The original CHARLS study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052–11015). Ethical permission for SHARE was approved by the University of Mannheim’s internal review board (IRB) and the Ethics Council of the Max Planck Society. All participants signed informed consent at the time of participation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
