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Article History

Received: 18 June 2025

Accepted: 13 October 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was not required for this paper, as it is a secondary analysis of the annual adult 2023 Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) Smokefree Great Britain survey. This survey is commissioned annually by ASH and is drawn from an online panel maintained by YouGov. Ethical approval by an NHS REC was not deemed necessary in line with the HRA and MRC decision tool available online ( ).Participants are recruited for the annual ASH survey based on a double opt-in method. Firstly, people sign up and opt-in to the online panel based on information provided to them in the YouGov research privacy notice, and then they opt-in to taking part in specific research programmes via survey invitations where they are informed of the general topic and how the results will be used. Respondent data is anonymised prior to sharing with ASH and identifiable data is not shared by YouGov. Respondents consent to completing surveys for a modest financial incentive to participate: panel members get on average 50 “points” per survey, with an equivalent value of 50 pence. Full detail of YouGov’s methodology is available online [ ] YouGov adheres to the code of conduct of the Market Research Society and is compliant with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.