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Article History

Received: 30 June 2025

Accepted: 13 October 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study adhered rigorously to ethical principles outlined by the Declaration of Helsinki and national biomedical research guidelines. Ethical approval was granted by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences Ethics Committee (IR.TUMS.IKHC.REC.1403.292). The study population comprised liver and kidney transplant recipients (3 to 18 months post-transplant), selected through convenience sampling. Verbal informed consent was obtained after reading a standardized script that explained the study’s objectives, voluntary participation, assurances of confidentiality, and participants’ rights to withdraw at any time. To ensure comprehension, participants were asked to summarize key points of the explanation. All data were anonymized and coded to safeguard participants’ privacy. The researchers ensured that data would be used exclusively for research purposes, and individuals were referred to specialists if any psychological or clinical concerns arose. The study maintained the core ethical principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. For future studies, it is recommended to document consent via audio recording if permitted by ethics approval.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.