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Authors
Damtew, Solomon Abrha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-7348
Shiferaw, Solomon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9285-1480
Demissie, Tariku Dejene https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8626-1305
Addissie, Adamu
Sisay, Tesfamichael Awoke
Amogne, Ayanaw
Fantaye, Fitsum Tariku https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-7269
Gebrekidan, Hailay Gebremichael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3129-1221
Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye
Kassa, Bezawork Ayele
Sene, Kelemua Mengesha
Atnafu, Niguse Tadele https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3765-3617
Gidey, Mahari Yihdego https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-4428
Armide, Addisalem Zebene
Azene, Zelalem Nigussie
Yohannes, Metages
Seme, Assefa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9667-4859
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Article History
Received: 4 May 2024
Accepted: 14 October 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study involved a secondary analysis of deidentified data from the PMA Ethiopia. The PMA Ethiopia survey was conducted strictly under the ethical rules and regulations of world health organization and IRB of Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI). Informed consent was obtained from respondents during the data collection process of PMA Ethiopia on the baseline data collection on Oct 2019 and subsequent follow up interviews till Aug 2021. Minors less than 15 years as per the law were not included in this study. Informed verbal consent was take from study participants during the screening, baseline and follow up interviews. PMA surrey has been also conducted after obtaining ethical approval from Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences and Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, USA.
: N/A not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
