Document is current

Article History

Received: 8 March 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The IEU OpenGWAS, EGG, Finngen, and GBD projects are all open-access databases where all data have been anonymized. IEU OpenGWAS database is a platform aggregating data from previously published GWAS, each contributing GWAS within this platform obtained ethical approval from its respective institutional review board. The GWAS data for childhood obesity (validation) from the EGG Consortium were obtained from ethically approved studies, with each contributing cohort receiving approval from its respective local ethics committee. Furthermore, the FinnGen study project was approved by The Coordinating Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS) and a waiver of informed consent was approved. The GBD 2021 project was reviewed by the University of Washington’s Institutional Review Board and a waiver of informed consent was approved. As our analysis did not involve any direct interaction with human subjects or access to individual-level data, no additional ethical approval or informed consent was required for the this study. Our study complied with relevant ethical regulations and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.