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Authors
Arsa, Rattanaporn
Meemon, Natthani
Keetawattananon, Wilasinee
Yenchai, Daraphak
Kiewnin, Kamonwan
Pitong, Ponsiri
Jangcharoenjittkul, Kiattisak
Waleewong, Orratai
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mahidol University
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Article History
Received: 13 July 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study used secondary data obtained from the International Health Policy Program (IHPP), Thailand. The original data collection was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute for the Development of Human Research Protections (IHRP), Ministry of Public Health, Thailand (COE No. IHRP2021002; IHRP No. 132–2563). All participants in the original survey provided informed consent prior to participation. The dataset was fully de-identified prior to being provided to the authors. This secondary analysis involved only anonymized data and did not include any individual identifiers. Therefore, it was deemed exempt from further ethical review, in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the IHRP and Thai national research ethics regulations. This study adheres to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
