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Authors
Leiva-Granados, Rolando
Grijalva-Eternod, Carlos Salvador
Kretchy, Irene Akwo
Amon, Samuel
Baatiema, Leonard
Haghparast-Bidgoli, Hassan
Marphatia, Akanksha A.
Rougeaux, Emeline
Kushitor, Mawuli Komla
Kushitor, Sandra Boatemaa
Awuah, Raphael Baffour
Fottrell, Edward
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MR/T029919/1)
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Article History
Received: 26 February 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 29 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study complied with ethics standards in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. It received ethical clearance from the Ghana Health Service (GHS-ERC: 017/02/22), the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research Institutional Review Board, University of Ghana (NMIMR-IRB CP 060/21–22), and the University College London Research Ethics Committee (ID:21541/001). Written consent was obtained from all the participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
