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Authors
Zhang, Shizhen https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7365-7024
Qin, Qian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-0624
Wu, Zhuoqing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2415-5202
Wang, Lin https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5151-2506
Ding, Suying https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-8332
Chen, Jingfeng https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2898-1490
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Henan province science and technology research project (242102311099)
Zhengzhou collaborative innovation project (XTCX2023006)
The nursing team project of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (HLKY2023005)
Henan Province Key Scientific Research Projects of Universities (25A320073)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72101236)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M722900)
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Article History
Received: 6 January 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: All methods concerning human participants in our study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid out in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (approval No. 2018-KY-56). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
