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Article History

Received: 5 June 2025

Accepted: 20 October 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study has been approved by the School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Ethics Review Committee of Shandong University (Approval No.: 2023-R-004; Approval Date: 3 February 2023). All participants signed an informed consent form before completing the questionnaire and were told they had the right to withdraw from the study without affecting subsequent treatment. All data will only be used for scientific research and publication of papers.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.