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Authors
Mwakawanga, Dorkasi L.
Chen, Sanmei
Patil, Crystal L.
Rahman, Md Moshiur
Mwilike, Beatrice
Massae, Agnes F.
Hirose, Naoki
Kobayashi, Yuryon
Shimpuku, Yoko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-7019
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP23hk0302012).)
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Article History
Received: 9 February 2025
Accepted: 20 October 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: The study was performed accordance to the ethical standards of the Helsink Declaration of 1975. The National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania (NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/4341) and the Institutional Review Board of Hiroshima University, Japan (C2023-0008) granted ethical approvals for this study. The study was conducted based on ethical principles such as harmlessness, anonymity, and protecting the privacy and personal information of study participants. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant to participate in the study after being provided with adequate information regarding the aim of the study. All participants were briefed that taking part in the study was voluntary and that they were free to decline or withdraw at any time during the study.
: Not applicable.
: Melody International, Ltd. (Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan) provided the iCTG devices free of charge for this study.
