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Authors
Sanuade, Olutobi Adekunle
Baatiema, Leonard
Kretchy, Irene Akwo
Okoibhole, Lydia
Kushitor, Sandra Boatemaa
Grijalva-Eternod, Carlos S.
Lule, Swaib Abubaker
Arhinful, Daniel
Koram, Kwadwo
Fottrell, Edward
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Research Council (MRC) through the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MRC) through the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MRC) through the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MRC) through the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MRC) through the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MRC) through the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MRC) through the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MRC) through the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MRC) through the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (MR/T029919/1)
Medical Research Council (MRC) through the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (MR/T029919/1)
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Article History
Received: 27 October 2023
Accepted: 22 October 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study procedures were carried out following the Declaration of Helsinki. We obtained ethical approval for the study from the Ghana Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (Protocol ID NO: GHS-ERC 017/02/22), the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR-IRB CPN 060/21–22 IORG 000908) and Research Ethics Committee at University College London (ID:21541/001). We asked respondents to sign or thumbprint a consent form that we read to them before collecting any data. We also maintained privacy and confidentiality throughout the research process.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
