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Article History

Received: 4 September 2025

Accepted: 30 October 2025

First Online: 15 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The data are from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), funded by 985 Program of Peking University and carried out by the Institute of Social Science Survey of Peking University. The original study protocol was approved by the Peking University Institutional Review Board (Approval No: IRB00001052-14010). Prior to the original data collection, written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Data was collected in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations or Declaration of Helsinki. For this secondary analysis, we used fully anonymized data, and therefore, our study was considered exempt from further ethical review by our institutional ethics committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.