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Authors
Zhu, Yunnuo
Hall, Clinton
Sharifian, Neika
Boparai, Satbir
Carey, Felicia R.
Boyko, Edward J.
Dursa, Erin K.
Rull, Rudolph P.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
U.S. Defense Health Program
Military Operational Medicine Research Program
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Article History
Received: 16 May 2024
Accepted: 30 October 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: Participation in the Millennium Cohort Study is voluntary and informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study or the appropriate waivers were obtained when necessary. All study procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All procedures were approved by the Naval Health Research Center Institutional Review Board (protocol number: NHRC.2000.0007).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
