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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (24BTY086)
National Social Science Fund of China (24BTY086)
National Social Science Fund of China (24BTY086)
National Social Science Fund of China (24BTY086)
National Social Science Fund of China (24BTY086)
Suzhou Sports Bureau Project (TY2025-305)
Suzhou Sports Bureau Project (TY2025-305)
Suzhou Sports Bureau Project (TY2025-305)
Suzhou Sports Bureau Project (TY2025-305)
Suzhou Sports Bureau Project (TY2025-305)
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Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Declarations
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: The permission to conduct this study was obtained from the teachers and principals of those participating schools. All the children and adolescents participating in the study, and their parents or guardians, were informed and participants voluntarily took part in this survey. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all parents/guardians or teachers, and positive assent was obtained from all the children before data collection, which was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Shenzhen University. The study was approved by the human research ethics committees of the University of Shenzhen University and Soochow University (No. 2020005 and SUDA20240626H06). Procedures performed in studies were by the national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Data were collected and analyzed anonymously.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
