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Authors
Ružbarská, Beáta
Bakalár, Peter
Vašková, Monika
Kopčáková, Jaroslava
Kolarčik, Peter
López-Gil, José Francisco
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (1/0179/21)
Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (1/0179/21)
Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (1/0179/21)
Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-22-0078)
Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-22-0078)
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Article History
Received: 11 October 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 24 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty at P. J. Safarik University in Kosice (13/N2021). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Parental consent was obtained using a passive (opt-out) procedure, whereby parents were informed about the study by the school administration and could decline their child’s participation. Students were informed in advance by their teachers and again at the time of data collection by HBSC administrators, who emphasized their right to refuse participation. Participation was entirely voluntary, anonymous, and conducted without incentives, and students’ assent was obtained by their decision to participate.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
