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Authors
Sobuwa, Simpiwe
De Waal, Benjamin
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Article History
Received: 24 February 2025
Accepted: 14 November 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: The Durban University of Technology Institutional Research Ethics Committee (IREC 228/24) approved this study.This study was conducted in compliance with ethical standards as outlined by the Durban University of Technology’s Institutional Research Ethics Committee, which granted full ethics approval (IREC 228/24). As the research involved secondary analysis of anonymised data obtained from the Western Cape Government Health & Wellness Emergency Medical Services (WCGHW EMS), there was no direct interaction with patients. The study adhered to principles of confidentiality and privacy, ensuring that no patient-identifiable information was accessed or reported.
: was not required as the data used were de-identified and accessed solely for research purposes with the permission of the Western Cape Department of Health and the WCGHW EMS. The research aligns with ethical guidelines for the use of secondary data in health research, and no additional consent was deemed necessary.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
