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Authors
Ding, Hong
Li, Changqing
Han, Laiguo
Chen, Jun
Zhao, Xiaojiang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Philosophy and Social Sciences Foundation of the Anhui Higher Education Institutions of China (2024AH052823)
The Philosophy and Social Sciences Foundation of the Anhui Higher Education Institutions of China (2024AH052821)
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Article History
Received: 5 September 2025
Accepted: 15 November 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: The CHARLS study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (approval number: IRB00001052-11015). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and all participants signed informed consent forms when participating.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
