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Authors
Lu, Junjie
Yang, Jiarui
Zhong, Jingyu
Liu, Lumin
Rehkopf, David H.
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Article History
Received: 3 September 2024
Accepted: 18 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: The Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) obtained informed consent from all participants, and the study protocol was approved by the National Social Science Foundation of China, approval number 05ASH003. The CGSS data are publicly available and fully de-identified; therefore, additional Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was not required for this secondary analysis. The provincial-level data used in this study are aggregated statistics at the regional level, for which informed consent is not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
