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Authors
Mohammed, Fatima Elbasri Abuelgasim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1972-1401
Ahmed, Marafi Jammaa https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5032-8627
Omer, Enas Osama Hassan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2298-9217
Abbas, Maab Elfadil Ahmed
Abdelgyoum, Hafeia A.
Mahmoud, Ashraf Asim Khalid
Abbas Mahadi, Faris Mohammed
Ahmed, Leena Zarroug Hassan Mohamed
Osman, Ola Abdelmoneim Ahmed
Suliman, Eisar Babiker Bakheit Mahgoub
Ahmed, Samah Mohamed Elazhari Elhag
Osman Mohamed, Ruba Ahmed
Elobied, Zainub Khader Mahmoud
Abdalla, Afaf Mohamed Ibrahim
Mohamed Osman Ahmed, Abrar
Abdalla, Malaz Salaheldin Mohamed
Babiker, Raghda M.
Elbasheir, Leena Yousif Omer
Ibrahim, Alaa Elshiekh Hassan
Abdelmoniem Ahmed Osman, Ruba
Diab, Maab Diab Badr
Hamid, Aula Gamal
Mahmoud, Eithar
Abdalrahman, Doha Ismat
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Article History
Received: 11 June 2025
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Declarations
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: Informed consent was obtained from each participant. For participants under 18 years old, electronic consent from their parents or guardians was obtained. Ethical approval was obtained from Community Medicine Department, Faulty of Medicine, Khartoum University, Research Ethical Committee, Sudan Northern State Ministry of Health and Research Ethical Committee, Nafeer Alafia Hospital, Northern State Ministry of Health, Sudan. The study was conducted according to the principles and guidelines of The Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from each participant.
: not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
