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Authors
Wu, Jin
Yu, Huasen
Li, Liqing
Yang, Yuhang
Zhang, Zeyang
Hu, Xiaopan
Tuerdi, Zufeiya
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Foundation of China (25CTY030)
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Article History
Received: 27 June 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: This scale development study is conducted in compliance with the ethical principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The recruitment of participants in this study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of East China Normal University (protocol number: HR 206-2024). School administrators and parents/legal guardians were informed in advance about the study’s purpose, procedures, and voluntary nature. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants involved in the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all parents/guardians.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
