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Article History

Received: 13 November 2025

Accepted: 28 November 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

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: The survey was approved by the data protection and ethics committee of Ulm University, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Participation was voluntarily and anonymous. Respondents gave written and informed consent before starting the questionnaire.

: Not applicable.

: Conflicts of interest Prof. Dr. Vera Clemens: Research from DFG (German Research Foundation), VW Foundation. Conflicts of interest Prof. Dr. Jörg M. Fegert (last five years): Research from EU, BMG (Federal Ministry of Health), BMBF (Federal Ministry of Education and Research), BMFSFJ (Federal Ministry of Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth), DFG (German Research Foundation), G-BA Innovation Fund, State Ministries Baden-Württemberg and Saarland, State Foundation Baden-Württemberg, Ingrid & Frank Foundation, Foundation Deutsche Krebshilfe (German Cancer Charity), Auxilium Foundation, Vector Foundation, Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg, Porticus Foundation ravel grants, honoraria, sponsorship for conferences and medical educational purposes from APK, Adenauer- und Ebert Foundation, Deutschlandfunk, DFG, DJI, DKSB, Infectopharm, med update, UNICEF, professional associations, universities and federal and state ministries. Consultant for APK e.V., University Hospital Saarland/State Chancellery, federal and state ministries, Servier, No industry-sponsored lecture series, no shareholdings, no participation in pharmaceutical companies. Marie-Theresa Kaufmann and Noemi Preisendanz declare that they have no competing interests.