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Authors
Yakum, Martin Ndinakie
Gignoux, Etienne
Kalossi, Issa
Sidibe, Youssouf Diam
Gamba, Félicité Chantal
Koudika, Marie-Hortense
Grellety, Emmanuel
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Article History
Received: 21 May 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) [ ], the International Ethical Guidelines for Health Research Involving Human Subjects [ ], and the Declaration of Helsinki [ ]. Ethical approval was obtained from the Médecins Sans Frontières Ethics Review Board(MSF ERB ID: 2377), and from the National Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences (CNESS) of the Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene of the Republic of Mali (decision no. 2024/003/MSDS-CNESS, issued on 14 February 2024). Written informed consent was obtained from all participating healthcare staff, and written parental/guardien consent was obtained for all children under-five years of age prior to enrollment. Retrospective data collection was based solely on register review and did not include personal identifiers.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
