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Authors
lael-Monfared, Elaheh
Sabouri, Samaneh
Rahmani, Negin
Peyman, Nooshin
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Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUMS.FHMPM.REC.1403.031) and was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study population consisted exclusively of mothers, and no data were collected directly from children or individuals under the age of 16. Prior to participation, written informed consent was obtained from all mothers involved in the study.Confidentiality of personal information was assured, participation was voluntary, and all participants had the right to withdraw at any stage without consequence. Honesty in data collection and analysis was maintained throughout the research process.
: Not required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
