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Article History

Received: 21 August 2025

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 20 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The Rotterdam Study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Erasmus MC (registration number MEC 02.1015) and by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (Population Screening Act WBO, license number 1071272-159521-PG). The Rotterdam Study Personal Registration Data collection is filed with the Erasmus MC Data Protection Officer under registration number EMC1712001. The Rotterdam Study has been entered into the Dutch Trial Register (NTR; ) and into the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP , search portal ) under shared catalogue number NL6645/NTR6831. The Rotterdam Study project persistant identifier is . All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study and to have their information obtained from treating physicians. For the Generation R study, the Medical Ethics Committee of Erasmus MC approved the study (MEC 198.782/2001/31, MEC 2015 − 749). Written informed consent was provided by all parents and children. Both studies comply with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.