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Authors
Gao, Lingxiao
Li, Ruinan
Cheng, Huaizhi
Dong, Xiaoyu
Liu, Yanrui
Tian, Ruotong
Zhang, Tingting
Guo, Bin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, China (No. LH2023G006)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Heilongjiang (No. JFCX202503)
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Article History
Received: 18 September 2025
Accepted: 5 December 2025
First Online: 27 December 2025
Declarations
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: All data collected in this study consisted of pre-existing, fully anonymized data that involved no patient personal privacy or sensitive information. The Ethics Committee of Harbin Medical University Daqing Campus waived the requirement for ethical approval and informed consent. All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
