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Article History

Received: 22 August 2025

Accepted: 5 December 2025

First Online: 18 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The Mexican study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee at the National Institute of Public Health. In Czechia the study was approved by Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Culture Palacky University in Olomouc (11/2022- high school cohort; 57/2024—primary school cohort). Participation in the study was anonymous and voluntary, and no incentives were offered. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all study participants. For any participants under the age of 16, informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. In Mexico, the main objectives and procedures of the study were explained to parents, and informed consent was obtained from parents alongside assent from adolescents before data collection. In the Czech Republic, adolescents aged 16 years and older provided their own informed consent. For participants younger than 16 years, informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians, either directly for this survey or via the school’s general informed consent procedure signed at the beginning of the school year, on the basis of which school principals confirmed participation. Prior to data collection, adolescents were informed that participation was voluntary and that they could skip any questions or withdraw at any time without consequences. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committees and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.