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Authors
Spence, Suzanne
Matthews, John N. S.
Woodside, Jayne V.
Brownell, Robert
Scammell, Katy
Bradley, Jennifer
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Funding from Tower Hamlets (TH) Public Health Division was administered by TH Health Determinants Research Collaboration (HDRC) and Newcastle University QR PSF
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Article History
Received: 28 July 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was granted by the Faculty of Medical Sciences Research Ethics Committee, Newcastle University (Ref 2535/30678/2021). This study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki. For all participating pupils we obtained informed passive consent from parents (opt-out). All parents/guardians received the study information letter and consent form via the schools through their communication platforms using email or texts. Parent/guardians completed the consent form if they did not want their child to participate via a Microsoft Office Forms link which was returned directly to researchers. Pupils were informed they did not have to complete the study and were free to withdraw at any point. School-based researchers had enhanced Disclosure and Barring Services.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
