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Authors
Koné, Anna Pefoyo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0231-2713
Massaquoi, Notisha
Ray, Lana
Gabriel, Helen
Banner, Adam
Mechakra-Tahiri, Djemaa Samia
Tharao, Wangari
Ouapo, Constant
Khumbah, Efuange
Atiba, Adejisola
Gasirabo, Dada
Nsong, Mavis
Thélusma, Marlène Rémy
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (#WI4 179980)
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (#WI4 179980)
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (#WI4 179980)
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2024
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: The research was reviewed and approved by Lakehead University Research Ethics Board in 2022 (approval #1469407). It was then renewed annually in 2023, 2024, and 2025. Participants provided informed consent before filling out the survey and received a gift card upon eligibility and after completing the survey. As per Chap. 3 of the 2022 Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS2), an age-based approach to consent is not used and parental consent is not required. Instead, assent is made based on having the appropriate decision-making capacity. Most children in the sample ( n = 43) consented for themselves. The remaining children ( n = 5) had the questionnaire filled by a parent. Analyses excluding respondents less than 12 years old, produced similar findings.
: Yes.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
