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Article History

Received: 29 April 2025

Accepted: 9 December 2025

First Online: 12 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study uses daily mortality data aggregated at the municipality level. It is part of the EXHAUSTION project, which received ethical approval from the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK Sør-Øst C, reference number: 2019/297, project code: 10347) and has an approved Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) in accordance with GDPR. These approvals cover the present study. While all data used are aggregated and non-identifiable, the first stage of the analysis was conducted on the secure TSD (Services for Sensitive Data) platform at the University of Oslo, in line with institutional data handling procedures. As no individual-level information was involved, informed consent was not required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.