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Authors
Bai-Sesay, Alpha Umaru https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6137-4870
Ellie, Edward
Jones, Rosetta Doreen
Bah, Mohamed S.
Onyeaghala, Chizaram Anselm
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Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Declarations
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: We used aggregated, anonymized, publicly available data from the World Health Organization Health Equity Assessment Toolkit version 6.0. No individual-level identifiers were accessed, and no direct involvement of human participants occurred. In line with international guidelines for secondary analyses of de-identified data, institutional review board approval was not required. All analyses adhered to WHO equity monitoring standards and data governance policies.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
