Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 March 2024

Accepted: 12 December 2025

First Online: 14 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All methods are carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations or the Declaration of Helsinki. The survey by Peking university biomedical ethics review board approval, online access to all the data available in CHARLS project web site ( ). The ethics approval number is IRB00001052-11015. All participants signed written informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.